Fig. 2: Human spaceflight urine and plasma physiological measurements.
a Urinary chemistries and b blood plasma endocrine profiles from NASA astronauts (n = 66) exposed to spaceflight up to 180 days measured pre-flight, during (FD flight day) and after returning (R). Dashed lines represent upper and lower normal clinical values, or upper limit where only a single line is present. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Boxed P-values report the repeated measure one-way ANOVA result; all timepoints were compared to pre-flight by pairwise multiple comparison Bonferroni corrected post-hoc tests (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001) (For exact P-values see Supplementary Table 1). FECa Fraction Excretion of Calcium. TmP/GFR ratio of tubular maximum reabsorption rate of phosphate to glomerular filtration rate. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 calcitriol. PTH parathyroid hormone. FGF-23 fibroblast growth factor-23.
