Fig. 2: Competition vs. colonization trade-off and genetic differentiation among biogeographical groups of A. thaliana.
From: Ecological trade-offs drive phenotypic and genetic differentiation of Arabidopsis thaliana in Europe
A Relationship between seed mass, estimated from seeds (n = 10-30 air-dried seeds) produced by 4-5 individuals per A. thaliana genotype, and fecundity measured as the total number of fruits per genotype multiplied by the average fruit length (n = 8 individual plants per genotype). Each point represents the mean trait value of one genotype (In total n = 71 genotypes; n = 11 for North relict, n = 13 for North cosmopolitan, n = 23 for Center cosmopolitan, n = 17 for South cosmopolitan, and n = 7 for South relict group). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and statistical significance (P) are shown. B QST-FST test in a multivariate framework using the method of Ovaskainen and colleagues59 and testing seed mass and fecundity trait divergence expected by genetic drift only among biogeographical groups. Solid ellipses show the phenotypic divergence expected by neutral processes only to the estimated ancestral state (noted by the A label). Labels represent the observed phenotypic divergence of each biogeographical group (NR: North relict; SR: South relict; NC, SC, and CC represent North, South, and Center cosmopolitan, respectively). North relicts showed higher directional selection to fecundity-seed mass trade-offs in comparison to the other groups. C Pairwise FSTQ / FST ratio comparisons between South relict and North relict and cosmopolitan groups using 1% top-SNPs related to fecundity, plant height, seed mass, fecundity response to water stress and intraspecific competition. The significance of the FSTQ / FST ratio was tested with a linear model through comparing FST in non-coding regions versus FST in top-SNPs of a trait. Student’s t tests were applied to detect significant differences in FSTQ / FST ratio for each trait between the South relict and the rest of the biogeographical groups. NS: not significant; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001. The exact P-values can be seen in the ‘Source Data file’.
