Fig. 6: Summary plots of climate and glacier area and volume change.

Time frames (x axes) are consistent in both columns to allow comparison of climate, volume and area change through time. a Summer air temperature anomalies from varved proglacial lake sediments in southern Alaska⁹⁸. Red line is the 5-year moving average. Anomaly is computed for the year 1000–1998 AD. b Glacier area change through time (% a⁻¹) for different types of glaciers. c Glacier area-averaged thinning through time (dh/dt) for different classes of glacier. The mean dh/dt (m a⁻¹) is calculated for each glacier, and these values are then averaged for each glacier class for each time period. 95% confidence interval is shown. d Total glacier volume change, with uncertainties. Dashed lines show rates for an earlier and a later LIA (“Little Ice Age”) maximum, respectively. e Boxplots of annualised rates of glacier recession for all glaciers where data exist. Mean is shown as green triangle and median as an orange line. f Temperature anomaly (scatter plot with 5 year moving average, red line), compared with the 1986–2005 mean, from Juneau airport weather station⁵⁴ (see Fig. 5), and mean winter precipitation (bars) as measured at Juneau airport meteorological station. g Glacier total summed area change (km² a⁻¹), focused on the time period 1940–2020 AD. h Number of glacier disconnections observed in each time slice. i Glacier equilibrium line altitudes from Lemon Creek Glacier and Taku Glacier. Derived from the USGS Benchmark Glacier Programme³⁵; see also reference publications^25,33. Mean elevation of observed disconnections, with error bars of one standard deviation, also shown. Dashed lines indicate the plateau at 1200 m and 1500 m, respectively (refer to Fig. 5 for the mapped plateau area). j Temperature and mean rate of glacier recession (km² a⁻¹; black) and glacier thinning (dh/dt (m a⁻¹); red). k Boxplots of mapped snowlines, 2019–2023. Further information in Supplementary Tables 13–14 and Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14. l Seasonal means each year for albedo for Juneau Icefield. Further data available in Supplementary Tables 15–18. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.