Fig. 5: Isotopic compositions of hydrocarbons, CO2, water, and clay minerals in the different anhydrous and hydrous systems with and without tracing isotope of D and 18O.

a δD of different gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons in hydrous systems with and without D2O. b 18O of water and CO2 in different hydrous experiments. c δD of water and clays in in different hydrous experiments. The analytical uncertainties for the determination of δD and δ18O were better than 2.0‰ and 0.1‰, respectively (see “Methods”). Detailed data are listed in Supplementary Tables 3–5.