Fig. 3: Characterisation of interface between conductive PEDOT:PSS and PU substrate.

a Schematic of interactions enabled by electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding. b, e Nanoscale adhesion force maps and (c, f) AFM-derived force–displacement profiles of conductive PEDOT:PSS (b) without ION E and (e) with 5 mg mL−1 ION E. d Representative force–displacement curves of samples containing the conductive PEDOT:PSS without and with 5 mg mL−1 ION E for characterising adhesion. The inset schematic shows the configuration adopted for the pull-off tests.