Fig. 2: Structural characteristics of catalysts.

a Chemical components of catalysts: D, electron donors; A, electron acceptors; π, conjugated bridge. b UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra of the catalysts, along with apparent quantum yield (AQY) at specified wavelengths. The CPs demonstrated strong absorption in the visible and even near-infrared regions, indicating their large conjugation structures. c Schematic illustration of the electronic band structures of the catalysts.