Fig. 3: Photophysical properties of CzAcSF:x% cluster films.

a PL spectra of CzAcSF:x% [DPPy]2Cu4I4 and [tBCzDppy]2Cu4I4 films (x = 10, 20, 30 and 40), in which CzAcSF serves as both host and blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter. PL spectrum of neat CzAcSF film is also included for comparison, corresponding to x = 0. b Comparison on excitation-Emission mappings for CzAcSF:x% cluster films (x = 0 and 30), whose contour centers were highlighted with crosshair points; c Comparison on TRES of CzAcSF:x% cluster films (x = 0 and 30) at room temperature and corresponding time decays at peak wavelengths. d Doping concentration dependence of key transition parameters for CzAcSF:x% [tBCzDppy]2Cu4I4 films. ϕ refers to quantum yield; while, the subscripts of “PL” and “RISC” refer to photoluminescence and reverse intersystem crossing, respectively; total white emission, blue and yellow components, and blue prompt (PF) and delayed fluorescence (DF) components. k refers to rate constant; while, the superscripts of “S” and “T” refer to singlet and triplet states, and the subscripts of “r”, “nr” and “ISC” refer to radiation, nonradiation and intersystem crossing, respectively. The blue and yellow components were divided by double-peak fitting.