Fig. 2: Achieving n-type doping in the organic transport layer via coordination reaction.

a Reaction mechanism of the CIN strategy. b ESR spectra of PCBM, PCBM/Ag PCBM@DCBP and PCBM@DCBP/Ag blend. c Energy level diagram of the PVSK, PCBM and PCBM@DCBP from Supplementary Fig. 23. d Changes of mobilities versus time for control (PCBM/Ag) and target (PCBM@DCBP/Ag) films under continuous simulated AM1.5 illumination. e, f Potential difference profiling across the devices under short-circuit conditions after continuous simulated AM1.5 illumination for 800 h. The insets show potential cross-sectional mapping. g, h Electric field in cross section of the devices.