Fig. 1: Microbial growth powered by hydrovoltaic energy. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Microbial growth powered by hydrovoltaic energy.

From: Growth of electroautotrophic microorganisms using hydrovoltaic energy through natural water evaporation

Fig. 1

a Schematic diagram of natural water evaporation-enabled hydrovoltagic electron generation within biofilm from ambient heat energy for microbial growth. b Mechanistic illustration of the R. palustris metabolism by uptaking WE-HE. c Cell biomass (total protein) accumulation under hydrovoltaic effect and negative control (non-evaporation and electric connection), and positive relationships between cell biomass accumulation and generated charge quantity (hydrovoltaic electrons) by natural water evaporation in the R. palustris biofilms. Data represent mean ± SD from n = 3 technical replicates from one experiment. Statistical analysis was conducted with paired two-tailed t tests. All P values are provided in the Source Data. d Three-dimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of the R. palustris biofilms at 50 days, and the live/dead cell ratio of the biofilms. Scale bars: the unit is μm in (d).

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