Fig. 5: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the Mn-Ir/PMN-PT heterostructure under different resistance states.

a, b Cross-sectional TEM image (a) and magnified image (b) of the Mn-Ir/PMN-PT heterostructure under the HRS generated via an electric pulse of EG = −4 kV·cm−1. c, d Cross-sectional TEM image (c) and magnified (d) of the Mn-Ir/PMN-PT heterostructure under the LRS excited by an electric pulse of EG = +1.5 kV·cm−1.