Table 1 Comparison of parameters from ionic power sources inspired by electric eels

From: Consecutive multimaterial printing of biomimetic ionic hydrogel power sources with high flexibility and stretchability

Ionic power source

Power source structure

Stretchability

Maximum Voc/ V

Peak Isc/ mA

Half-life/ h

Operation temperature/ °C

Surface-printed power source12

Rigidly assembled double-layer structure

N/A

110.0

0.01

~0.5

Ambient temperature

Paper-gel power source14

Rigidly-assembled multilayer structure

N/A

3.2

8.5

~0.08

Ambient temperature

Microfluidics-based flexible power source13

Flexibly-assembled double-layer structure

N/A

73.3

0.1

~0.86

0–90

Microscale ionic power source36

Two-step processed continuous structure

N/A

2.0

2.2 × 10−3

~0.5

25 –37

This work

Consecutive structure

~137%

208.0

1.1

~84.24

−20–90

  1. Half-life means the time for the voltage to decay by half.
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