Fig. 1: Comparison of TadA-8e derived base editors for C-to-T, A-to-G and dual base editing in rice cells.

a Major base editors evaluated in this study along with their corresponding schematic diagrams. b Characterization of different base editors in rice protoplasts. C-to-T base editing is shown in blue, A-to-G base editing is shown in orange, and indel mutation is shown in gray. Dots represent individual values, and bars represent mean ± SD of three biological replicates. c C-to-T editing efficiency of tested base editors in rice protoplasts at 20 target sites. Each dot represents the average of three biological replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA, Duncan test). The maxima, centre, and minima of box the refer to Upper quartile, median, and Lower quartile. The maxima and minima of whiskers refer to maximum value and minimum value. d A-to-G editing efficiency of tested base editors in rice protoplasts at 20 target sites. Each dot represents the average of three biological replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA, Duncan test). The maxima, centre, and minima of box the refer to Upper quartile, median, and Lower quartile. The maxima and minima of whiskers refer to maximum value and minimum value. e Indels efficiency of tested base editors in rice protoplasts at 20 target sites. Each dot represents the average of three biological replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA, Duncan test). The maxima, centre, and minima of box the refer to Upper quartile, median, and Lower quartile. The maxima and minima of whiskers refer to maximum value and minimum value. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.