Fig. 2: Physicochemical characterization of the fusogenic liposomes.

a Preparation process and lipid composition of Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1. b DNA-PAGE analysis regarding eCpG release from aptATP/eCpG complex in response to different ATP concentrations (n = 3 experimental replicates). c Impact of competitive ATP binding on aptATP/eCpG complex via DNA-PAGE analysis (aptATP:eCpG = 2:1) (n = 3 experimental replicates). d DNA-PAGE analysis regarding eCpG release from the ACP assembly (aptATP: eCpG: PNA = 2:1:3) with 200 nM ATP and 5 nM or 10 nM MMP-2 (n = 3 experimental replicates). The yellow box under 200 nM ATP, the blue box under 10 nM MMP-2, and the red box under 200 nM ATP and 10 nM MMP-2. e TEM results of Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 stained with 4% phosphotungstic acid (n = 3 experimental replicates). f The stability of Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 in pH7.4 PBS buffer at 12–48 h by DLS analysis. The purple color represents the size and the blue color represents the polydispersity index (PDI). g Degradation assessment of Lip@AUR-AC^Cy5P-aptPD-L1 in DNase 1 or 10% FBS through 50 h incubation. h DNA-PAGE analysis of eCpG release from Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 with 200 nM ATP and 5 nM or 10 nM MMP-2 (n = 3 experimental replicates). The yellow box under 200 nM ATP, the blue box under 10 nM MMP-2 and the red box under 200 nM ATP and 10 nM MMP-2. i Fluorescence analysis of eCpG^Cy5 release from Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 with or without 200 nM ATP/10 nM MMP-2 stimulus input. j Fluorescence analysis of eCpG^Cy5 release from different liposome formulations under different ATP concentrations. I: Lip@AUR-AC^Cy5-aptPD-L1, II: Lip@AUR-AC^Cy5P-aptPD-L1, III: Lip@AUR-AC^Cy5P-aptPD-L1 + 5 nM MMP-2, IV: Lip@AUR-AC^Cy5P-aptPD-L1 + 10 nM MMP-2. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM (n = 3 experimental replicates for (f, g) and (i, j)). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.