Fig. 3: Melanoma targeting and membrane fusion performance of Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 in vitro based on B16F10/splenocyte co-incubation system.

a Targeting ability of eCpG and aptPD-L1 with the designated cell targets in the B16F10/splenocyte co-incubation system by flow cytometry. b Fusion status of different liposomes to B16F10 cell membranes in the co-culture system at 3, 6, 12, or 18 h of incubation by CLSM (n = 3 experimental replicates). I: Lip@Dil, II: Lip@Dil-ACP, III: Lip@Dil-ACP-aptPD-L1. Red: Dil. Green: Invitrogen CellMask™ Green plasma membrane stain. Blue: DAPI. c Tumor sphere assay on the targeting ability of different samples at 12 h incubation (n = 3 experimental replicates). I: AC^Cy5P, II: Lip-AC^Cy5P, III: Lip-AC^Cy5P-aptPD-L1. d, e Time-dependent changes in ATP and MMP-2 abundance in vivo with Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 + 4 Gy IR treatment. (f) Fusion status of different liposomes to B16F10 cell membranes in the co-culture system at 16, 18 or 30 h of incubation by CLSM (n = 3 experimental replicates). 4 Gy IR treatment was applied at 12 h. I: Lip@Dil+IR, II: Lip@Dil-ACP + IR, III: Lip@Dil-ACP-aptPD-L1 + IR. g Time-dependent melanoma-targeted membrane fusion performance of Cy5-Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 in vivo. 4 Gy IR treatment was applied after 12 h post intravenous injection (n = 3 experimental replicates). h Schedule of the combinational Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1 + 4 Gy IR treatment set-up in vitro. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM (n = 3 experimental replicates for (a), n = 3 mice for (d–e)). Statistical analysis in (a) and (d–e) was carried out via one-way ANOVA method. * indicates significance at p < 0.05, ** indicates significance at p < 0.01, *** indicates significance at p < 0.001, **** indicates significance at p < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.