Fig. 4: Evolutionary divergence of the neuro-pharmacology of sleep in Drosophilids.

Total sleep over the 24 h period in flies fed with either chlordimeform 0.05 mg/ml (a) or L-DOPA 5 mg/ml (b). Full colors (right boxes) indicate flies fed with the drugs, while light colors (left boxes) indicate flies fed with vehicle only. Numbers of animals (Ns) and p values are shown below each panel. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using the exact version of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. The shaded boxes indicate the median and the interquartile range, the whiskers define minimum and maximum values; single data points are not shown to limit visual complexity. c Panoptic summary of the evolutionary divergences found or not found in this work. d The proposed model for evolution of different sleep functions, as inferred by the findings in (c).