Fig. 1: Erosion of strata leading to the diversification of landforms and formation of floras.

a An example of plate tectonic movement, in this case resulting in uplift of marine strata (i-iii), invasive granite (iv), and subsequent accumulation of continental sedimentary strata (v). b Bedrock strata are shaped by erosion into different kinds of landforms (vi-vi). c The differentiation of rock strata and the formation of landforms further promote the diversification and immigration of plant species and the formation of different floras. The desert landform (vi) is usually developed on sandshale (i), and its floras are represented by species such as Zygophyllum and Caragana. Karst (vii) is developed on limestone (ii), and Excentrodendron and Begonia are representative of its floras. The karst-granitic landform (viii) is developed on metamorphic rock (such as dolomite, quartz sandstone, or slate) (iii), and its floras include genera such as Torricellia and Davidia. The granitic landform (ix) is usually developed on granite (iv), and its floras contain genera such as Cyclobalanopsis and Rhododendron sect. Ponticum. The Danxia landform (x) is usually developed on continental glutenite (v), and representative genera include Firmiana and Primulina. All photographs published with permission according to the image rights agreement between each photographer.