Fig. 3: The luminescent mechanism of Br- and Sn-doped perovskites.

PL mechanism and transition electronic energy level diagram of a Br−-doped and b Sn2+-doped CsCdCl3 perovskites. S-T splitting: singlet–triplet-splitting. STEs: self-trapped excitons. D3d and C3v refer to D3d and C3v symmetry. Deep refers to deep traps. Thermometers imply that thermodynamics overcomes the energy barrier.