Fig. 2: PEC GOR performance and charge behavior characterization.

a UV–vis absorption spectra of BiVO4, Bi-rich BiVO4 and Bi-rich BiVO4-x photoanodes. b The bond alignments of BiVO4, Bi-rich BiVO4 and Bi-rich BiVO4-x photoanodes. c J-V curves of BiVO4, Bi-rich BiVO4 and Bi-rich BiVO4-x photoanodes in 0.5 M Na2SO4 (pH = 2) with 0.1 M glycerol under AM 1.5 G illumination. d The TS-SPV responses of BiVO4, Bi-rich BiVO4 and Bi-rich BiVO4-x photoanodes, and (e) Mott−Schottky plots measured under AM 1.5 G illumination conditions. f J–V curves (dashed lines) and Ctrap values (solid lines and dots) obtained on BiVO4, Bi-rich BiVO4 and Bi-rich BiVO4-x photoanodes.