Fig. 3: Observation of ion’s 3D motion trajectory and structural phase transitions in a 5-ion crystal.

a Reconstructed 3D motion trajectory. Its projected trajectories on \(h,\, v,\, z\) axes with fitting curves based on theoretical model Eq. (3) and (4) are shown in b–d, respectively. Experimental parameters are \( \nu_{z}=(2\pi)236 \) kHz, \( \omega_{z}=(2\pi)100\) kHz, \( V_{z}=1 \) V, \( \nu_{r}=(2\pi)670\) kHz, \({\omega_{h}}= {\omega_{v}}= (2 {\pi})50\) kHz, \( V_{h}=5 \) V and \( V_{v}=40 \) V. e The raw photography of linearly configured 5-ion crystal and zig, zag configurations. False color represents the gray scale in the image. f Reconstructed 3D configurations of zig (red dots) and zag (green dots) modes.