Fig. 2: The effects of air pollution on pest and beneficial invertebrate performance.
From: Air pollution disproportionately impairs beneficial invertebrates: a meta-analysis
Orchard plots of meta-analytic mean effect sizes (ln RR; log response ratio) for each of three levels of invertebrate pest status. White points represent meta-analytic means and black rectangles represent the 95% confidence intervals from a model across all pollutants (A) or individual pollutants (B–E; ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM), respectively). Points to the left of zero indicate negative impacts and points to the right indicate positive impacts. 95% confidence intervals overlapping the zero line indicate the mean estimate is not significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). Significant effects of O3, NOx, and SO2 are indicated by ***P < 0.0001, **P = 0.004 and *P = 0.046, respectively. Number of effect sizes for significant pests, other herbivores, and beneficial invertebrates (top to bottom): All (415, 282, 166), O3 (302, 95, 74), NOx (26, 36, 27), SO2 (80, 111, 54), PM (7, 40, 11). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
