Fig. 4: The relationship between air pollutant concentration and changes in invertebrate performance.
From: Air pollution disproportionately impairs beneficial invertebrates: a meta-analysis
Panel A line shows the relationship between the change in invertebrate performance in control and elevated treatments (log response ratio, ln RR) and the scaled concentration of pollution in the elevated treatment (z-transformed within each pollutant type) from meta-regression model. Shaded area shows a 95% confidence interval and P-value is for the slope. B–E Scatter plots showing the relationship between ln RR and the (unscaled) concentration of elevated pollutant treatment for each pollutant. NOx panel combines NO, NO2, and NOx. Dashed vertical lines illustrate the highest National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) per pollutant set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Levels for NOx (NO + NO2) are not stipulated, but the NAAQS hourly daily maximum concentrations for NO2 is 100 ppb. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
