Fig. 5: Crack modulation behavior of S-M/A sensing films.

a Illustration of crack formation and propagation in the M/A and S-M/A sensing films. SEM images of crack propagation in b–e S-M/A film and f–i M/A film under strain states of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 60%. Inset in d the local magnification of nanocracks; inset in h the local magnification of microcracks; inset in e local magnification of bridged edges; inset in i the local magnification of separated edges. j ABAQUS finite element simulation of the cracking behavior in M/A and S-M/A films. Histograms of the conductive island area in k S-M/A and l M/A films under 30% strain. Data were collected from five images under each condition. Histograms of the crack length in m S-M/A and n M/A films under 30% strain. Data were collected from five images under each condition.