Fig. 10: Genomic characterisation of the F1534C mutation at the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) gene in Ae. albopictus.

a Orange hexagons indicate populations with F1534C, red circles indicate other populations. Local frequencies of each mutation are listed in Supplementary Data 4. b Latent factor mixed model identifying genome-wide SNPs with genetic structure in line with VSSC genotype after controlling for genome-wide patterns assessed using sparse non-negative matrix factorisation with K = 4 (Supplementary Fig. 11). Black circles indicate SNPs within 1 Mb of the VSSC gene on chromosome 3. Only the six populations with F1534C were included in the model. P-values were adjusted from combined z-scores using a Benjamini-Hochberg correction with a false discovery rate of 0.01. c PCA of 19 SNPs strongly associated with F1534C. Orange squares = F1534C homozygote, white filled lozenges = heterozygote, grey circles = wild type. d Difference in Tajima’s D between sweep-associated individuals and wild-type individuals from the same six populations as the sweeps. The left-hand plot shows all of chromosome 3, and the right-hand plot focuses on the gene region. Black rectangles indicate the VSSC gene region ± 1 Mbp. Coloured lines show moving averages. e As above but showing differences in nucleotide diversity. f Pairwise F_ST between individuals of the swept background and wild-type individuals from the same six populations. SNPs with F_ST > 0.25 are plotted. The VSSC region is seen as a peak on chromosome 3, indicated by ‘i’. g Linkage network analysis. Plots are histograms with 500 kb bins, showing locations of SNPs with r² > 0.6 to at least one SNP within 1 Mb of the sweep locus, and scoring SNPs for each r² > 0.6 interaction with a SNP near the locus. SNPs within 50 Mb of the sweep locus were omitted. The five most strongly associated contigs are plotted. Labels indicate peaks containing genes of known resistance association: P450 = cytochrome P450; GST = glutathione S-transferase; ace = acetylcholinesterase; EB1 = esterase B1; UGT = UDP-glycosyltransferase; Nach = sodium channel protein Nach; XD = xanthine dehydrogenase; PAF = phenoloxidase-activating factor 2. Full list of genes in Supplementary Data 10, raw linkage data in Source Data.