Fig. 3: Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLEDs with controlled directionality and electroluminescence intensity.

a Normalised electroluminescence (EL) spectrum of reference PeLEDs and narrow-angle-Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLED. Tamm plasmon resonance of the narrow-angle-Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLED shown with a reflectance measurement (black dashed line). b Current density–voltage–luminance performance of reference PeLED and narrow-angle-Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLED. Inset: schematic of Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLED. c Current efficiency–current density curve. Inset: EQE–current density curve considering emission over all angles. Angle-dependent EL spectrum of (d) reference PeLED, (e) narrow-angle-Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLED and (f) wide-angle-Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLED collected across the PeLED surface macroscopically. White dashed line: EL as a function of angle integrated from 490 nm to 540 nm (d, e). Normalised EL integrated from 490 nm to 540 nm in (f). EL intensity of all configurations each normalised to the EL intensity of narrow-angle-Tamm-plasmon-driven PeLED (see colour bar).