Fig. 1: The global phylogenetic biogeographic classification for 267 ant genera shows 7 realms and 21 regions.
From: Global biogeographic regions for ants have complex relationships with those for plants and tetrapods
Ant biogeographic realms and regions of the world are shown in a, and the associated dendrogram resulting from hierarchical clustering based on phylogenetic turnover (Pβsim) across 5 × 104 km2 hexagons is shown in b. Ordination results using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) show relationships among realms in c and regions in d. Black solid lines and white lines (dashed on the ocean) delineate the borders of realms and regions, respectively. Colors used to characterize particular realms in maps correspond to those in dendrogram and ordination plots. Areas without sufficient data or invalid biogeographic units are indicated in gray. The map in a is in the Robinson projection system, and the dendrogram in b used the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA).
