Fig. 4: DNAgel exhibited excellent in vitro procoagulant ability and biocompatibility.

a Representative SEM images of erythrocytes (red) and platelet (yellow) adhesion to the gelatin sponge (GS) with porous cavity and DNAgel with dense surface. Scale bar: 10 μm. b CLSM images of erythrocytes (red) and platelets (green) aggerated and adhered to the surface of DNA network (blue). Scale bar: 200 μm (left); Scale bar: 100 μm (right, enlarged). c Absorbance of blood clotting samples at different time points measured at 540 nm with UV–vis spectrophotometer and the representative pictures at 30 min. Scale bar: 1 cm. d Blood clotting index (BCI) of DNAgel and representative pictures, according to BCI(%) = \(\frac{{A}_{{{{{{\rm{Experimental}}}}}}}}{{A}_{{{{{{\rm{Negative}}}}}}}}\times 100\%\). Scale bar: 1 cm. Data were presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples). e Hemolysis ratio of DNAgel, according to Hemolysis ratio (%) = \(\frac{A_p}{A_{t}}\times 100\%\). f Schematic illustration of adhesion and activation of erythrocytes and platelets on DNA gel. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons (c, d). Representative images are shown from three (a–d) independent experiments with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.