Fig. 3: Elbow torque estimation during dumbbell curls.
From: Estimation of joint torque in dynamic activities using wearable A-mode ultrasound
A Illustration of participants performing dumbbell curls with BB thickness measured with SETs and elbow angle measured with wireless IMUs. B Example elbow angle and BB thickness from a representative participant during curls with no weight (0 kg), a 5 kg, and a 10 kg dumbbell. C Estimated elbow torque during curls with various weights for this participant. D Simulated elbow torque for this participant calculated using a rigid body model based on classical mechanics. For B–D, lines and shaded regions represent mean ± SD (n = 6 repetitions). E Average estimated torque for all participants (n = 5) at different weight conditions. F Average calculated torque for all participants (n = 5) at different weight conditions. For E and F, each color represents data for one participant. Each dot represents the average torque of all contractions (n = 6) within the respective condition.
