Fig. 1: Initial and future costs of blue hydrogen production without and with tax incentives.

a Distribution of initial levelized cost for gas-based H2 production. b Distribution of initial levelized cost for coal-based H2 production. c Learning curves for coal-based and gas-based H2 production capital and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs without tax incentives. d Learning curves for overall levelized cost of coal-based and gas-based H2 production without and with tax incentives. e Future cost reductions for coal-based and gas-based H2 production with tax incentives.