Table 2 Initial installed capacity and learning rates of individual subsystems for blue hydrogen production

Feedstock	Subsystems	Initial Installed Capacity (GW_th)	Learning Rates		Sources of Data
			Capital Cost	O&M Cost	Initial Installed Capacity	Learning Rates
Natural Gas	Steam Methane Reforming	280^a	0.11 (0.05–0.17)	0.00^f	IEA^12,28	Schoots et al.¹³
	Pressure Swing Adsorption	366^a	0.11 (0.05–0.17)	0.00^f	IEA^12,28	Schoots et al.¹³
	CO₂ Capture	1.5^a	0.11 (0.06–0.17)	0.22 (0.10–0.30)	IEA^12,28	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵
	CO₂ Compression	25^b	0.00 (0.00–0.10)	0.00 (0.00–0.10)	Rubin et al.¹⁴	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵
	CO₂ Transportation and Storage	2.4^c	Not Applicable^d	0.05	IEA^12,28	NETL⁵¹
Coal	Air Separation Unit	125^b	0.10 (0.05–0.15)	0.05 (0.00–0.10)	Rubin et al.¹⁴	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵
	Gasification Block	173	0.14 (0.07–0.21)	0.12 (0.05–0.20)	Higman⁵⁰	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵
	Syngas Cleanup	173^e	0.10 (0.05–0.10)	0.10 (0.05–0.10)	Higman⁵⁰	Industrial Economics, Inc. and E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.⁵²
	Sulfur Recovery	125^b	0.11 (0.06–0.17)	0.22 (0.10–0.30)	Rubin et al.¹⁴	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵
	Pressure Swing Adsorption	411^a	0.11 (0.05–0.17)	0.00^f	IEA^12,28	Schoots et al.¹³
	Power Block	600^b	0.05 (0.03–0.09)	0.00	Rubin et al.¹⁴	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵; Zhai¹⁶
	CO₂ Capture	0.9^a	0.11 (0.06–0.17)	0.22 (0.10–0.30)	IEA^12,28	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵
	CO₂ Compression	25^b	0.00 (0.00–0.10)	0.00 (0.00–0.10)	Rubin et al.¹⁴	Rubin et al.¹⁴; IEAGHG¹⁵
	CO₂ Transportation and Storage	2.4^c	Not Applicable^d	0.05	IEA^12,28	NETL⁵¹

^aThe initial installed capacity of individual subsystems is estimated based on the global hydrogen production capacity. See Supplementary Equations (2) and (3) for the details.
^bThe capacity is converted from electric power (GW_e) to equivalent thermal power (GW_th), referring to a net thermal efficiency of 40%, which is a typical thermal efficiency of an integrated gasification combined cycle power plant or a supercritical coal power plant. See Supplementary Equation (4) for the details.
^cIt is assumed that CO₂ transportation and storage subsystem has the total initial installed capacity as the CO₂ capture subsystems at hydrogen production plants.
^dThe CO₂ transportation & storage subsystem is treated as the O&M cost component.
^eIt is assumed that the initial installed capacity of the syngas cleanup subsystem is the same as the gasification block subsystem.
^fThe O&M learning rate is assumed to be zero as no learning-by-doing behavior was found for the overall hydrogen production activity based on historical data (Schoots et al.¹³).

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