Fig. 3: Differential metabolites for individual cardiovascular events.

a The workflow of differential metabolites analyses for individual cardiovascular events. There were 40 overlapping differential metabolites in the composite of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, HF, and MI/stroke), 14 overlapping differential metabolites in cardiovascular death and MI/stroke, 25 overlapping differential metabolites in cardiovascular death and HF, 15 differential metabolites specific to cardiovascular death, 56 differential metabolites specific to HF, and 9 differential metabolites specific to MI/stroke. b The alluvial diagram showed main classes of differential metabolites for individual cardiovascular events. c Upset plot illustrated the distinct metabolites among different cardiovascular events. The horizontal bar of differential metabolites set-size in the plot was represented in three colors, with blue for cardiovascular death (n = 94), red for HF (n = 121), and yellow for MI/stroke (n = 63). d–f Metabolic networks built with the specific key combination of differential metabolites of individual events. The color of each node represented network cluster with the walktrap-algorithm. d Cardiovascular death; e Heart failure; f MI/stroke. g Dysregulated metabolic pathways linked with different cardiovascular events. The color of each point represented the type of metabolic pathway, the shape of points represented the dysregulated metabolic pathways of different cardiovascular events, with a circle representing cardiovascular death, a triangle representing heart failure, and a square representing MI/stroke. Multiple comparisons were adjusted for cardiovascular death and HF-related metabolic pathways. The tests used for pathway analyses were two-sided. CV cardiovascular; HF heart failure; hs-cTnT high sensitivity cardiac troponin T; LPA lysophosphatidic acid; LPC lysophosphatidylcholine; MI myocardial infarction; NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PC phosphatidylcholine; TIMI Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction.