Fig. 8: NanoSTING-SN confers durable humoral immunity in rhesus macaques.

A Experimental setup: We administered two doses of the intranasal NanoSTING-SN vaccine (n = 3/group) 28 days apart to rhesus macaques. We collected the sera on days 0, 7, 14, 28, and 44 to evaluate humoral immune responses. We monitored the body weights of the animals every week after the immunization until the end of the study. Body weight change, body temperature change, and ELISA (IgG & IgA) were used as primary endpoints. Pre-immunization sera was used as control. B Percent body weights change for the non-human primates. C Body temperature changes for the non-human primates. D, E Humoral immune responses in the serum were evaluated using N and S protein-based IgG ELISA. F, G Humoral immune responses in the serum were evaluated using N and S protein-based IgA ELISA. H Humoral immune responses in the nasal washes were evaluated using N and S protein-based IgA ELISA. Individual data points represent independent biological replicates taken from separate animals; vertical bars show mean values with error bar representing SEM. Each dot represents an individual animal. For (D–H), the analysis was performed using two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test: ****p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; ns not significant. Data presented as combined results from one independent experiment. Two male and one female NHPs were used for the study. See also Supplementary Fig. 15. A Created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en). Abbreviations: IN Intranasal. Number of animals used: n = 3/group Source data are provided as a Source Data file.