Fig. 5: Application in water treatment.

A Toxicity indicators of parent ONP and its degradation products. Effects of different inorganic anions, humic acids (B) and water sources (C) to the degradation efficiency. D Degradation of different nitro contaminants in LFCO@CFC FBR system. FBR conditions (unless indicated otherwise): λ > 420 nm radiation, Water flux 7500 mL h−1, HRT 60 s, 298 K, initial pH 7.1, 30 ppm ONP, and 3 mM PMS (introduced with the ONP stock solution). E Diagram of the large-scale application plant including 5 main parts: (1) wastewater collection (2) PMS dosing tank, (3) physical filtration, (4) FBR reactor, (5) effluent tank (data from 1:50 for equal scale amplification). The dimensions of core parts 2 and 4 are marked in the enlarged image on the right. F Performance and cost comparison of reported catalysts. The area of the circle represents the cost, and its height represents efficiency (Supplementary Table 11, Supplementary references 36–47). The gray column height represents the monthly treatment capacity. Error bars are standard error values of three tests (n = 3).