Fig. 1: Design and working principle of the integrated ultrasonic device.
From: An integrated and flexible ultrasonic device for continuous bladder volume monitoring
a Schematic of the UBVM device placed on the lower abdomen with key functionalities. The device enables continuous bladder volume monitoring by continuously measuring the anterior–posterior (A–P) wall distance of the bladder from multiple sites and processing them to estimate the volume. Within the UBVM hardware, the MCU constantly communicates with the pulser and receiver modules to excite the ultrasonic transducers and record the received echoes from the anterior and posterior walls of the bladder. Received echo timestamps are transferred to a custom-made app for processing and visualization. b Exploded view of the UBVM device, including the printed circuit board (PCB) and layers of the ultrasonic transducers. c Photograph of the ultrasonic transducers.
