Fig. 4: In-vivo validation of continuous bladder volume measurement capabilities.
From: An integrated and flexible ultrasonic device for continuous bladder volume monitoring
a Image of the transducers on the lower abdomen of a volunteer. b Ultrasound image of a volunteer’s bladder with transverse probe orientation. c Ultrasound image of a volunteer’s bladder with longitudinal probe orientation. d Continuous monitoring during a full micturition cycle (red) and the A–P distance measurements of a transducer. Multiple A–P distance measurements from multiple transducers allow spherical volume estimation. e Comparison of the UBVM device measurements with the volumes from conventional ultrasound imaging. A, B, and F represent measurements from the same volunteer at different time points, while C–E and G correspond to measurements from different volunteers (n = 2). f Raw echo signals recorded on an oscilloscope during an in-vivo measurement. Both the anterior and the posterior echo can be seen. g Signal as captured by the MCU after receiver circuitry. These timestamps are used for bladder volume estimations.
