Fig. 4: Factors influencing the overall nasopharyngeal resistome composition in the preterm infants.

PCA visualizations of Aitchison dissimilarities between all the nasopharyngeal samples from birth until 6 months corrected age at ARG level. Each data point corresponds to a sample, colored by A Infant, B PMA, C Time points, and D Prenatal and post-natal antibiotic exposure and shaped according to early antibiotic exposure or naive groups. Effect sizes (R2) and corresponding adjusted P-values (p.adj, corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg method) are calculated using PERMANOVA-tests (as shown in the bottom right of each plot). Percentage refers to the percentage of variance explained by the principal component. PMA postmenstrual age, PCA principal component analysis, PERMANOVA permutational multivariate analysis of variance, p.adj adjusted P-values. Source data are provided as a Source data file.