Table 1 Baseline characteristics of eligible participants, and COVID-19 cohort overall and by lifestyle category

From: Modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of post-COVID-19 multisystem sequelae, hospitalization, and death

Characteristics

All eligible participantsa

Participants with COVID-19

Overall

By composite lifestyle categoryb

Unfavorable

Intermediate

Favorable

No. (%)

472977

68896

8476 (12.3)

28457 (41.3)

31963 (46.4)

Age, mean (SD)

68.1 (8.1)

66.6 (8.4)

66.6 (8.3)

66.8 (8.4)

66.5 (8.4)

Sex, No. (%)

ā€ƒMale

261436 (55.3)

36798 (53.4)

3206 (37.8)

14207 (49.9)

19385 (60.6)

ā€ƒFemale

211540 (44.7)

32098 (46.6)

5270 (62.2)

14250 (50.1)

12578 (39.4)

Ethnicity, No. (%)

ā€ƒWhite

382010 (80.8)

56566 (82.1)

6842 (80.7)

23247 (81.7)

26477 (82.8)

ā€ƒOther ethnic groupsc

90967 (19.2)

12330 (17.9)

1634 (19.3)

5210 (18.3)

5486 (17.2)

Education categories,d No. (%)

ā€ƒI

85686 (18.1)

11398 (16.5)

1946 (23.0)

5140 (18.1)

4312 (13.5)

ā€ƒII

125549 (26.5)

20644 (30.0)

2826 (33.3)

8670 (30.5)

9148 (28.6)

ā€ƒIII

52738 (11.2)

7748 (11.2)

869 (10.3)

3112 (10.9)

3767 (11.8)

ā€ƒIV

24148 (5.1)

3205 (4.7)

364 (4.3)

1340 (4.7)

1501 (4.7)

ā€ƒV

184856 (39.1)

25901 (37.6)

2471 (29.2)

10195 (35.8)

13235 (41.4)

ā€ƒIndex of multiple deprivation,e mean (SD)

17.5 (12.9)

18.6 (13.6)

21.9 (15.3)

19.4 (13.9)

17.1 (12.5)

Individual lifestyle factors, No. (%)

Smoking

ā€ƒNever or past

425810 (90.0)

62066 (90.1)

6043 (71.3)

25126 (88.3)

30897 (96.7)

ā€ƒCurrent

47167 (10.0)

6830 (9.9)

2433 (28.7)

3331 (11.7)

1066 (3.3)

Alcohol consumption

ā€ƒā‰¤ā€‰4 times a week

377958 (79.9)

56248 (81.6)

5526 (65.2)

21944 (77.1)

28778 (90.0)

ā€ƒDaily or almost daily

95019 (20.1)

12648 (18.4)

2950 (34.8)

6513 (22.9)

3185 (10.0)

BMI

ā€ƒ<ā€‰30ā€‰kg/m2

359704 (76.1)

51001 (74.0)

3592 (42.4)

19011 (66.8)

28398 (88.8)

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰30ā€‰kg/m2

113273 (23.9)

17895 (26.0)

4884 (57.6)

9446 (33.2)

3565 (11.2)

Physical activity

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰150ā€‰min/week of MIPA or ā‰„75ā€‰min/ week of VIPA

398880 (84.3)

57930 (84.1)

4913 (58.0)

22857 (80.3)

30160 (94.4)

ā€ƒ<ā€‰150ā€‰min/week of MIPA and <75ā€‰min/ week of VIPA

74097 (15.7)

10966 (15.9)

3563 (42.0)

5600 (19.7)

1803 (5.6)

TV viewing/sedentary time

ā€ƒ<ā€‰4ā€‰h/day

339946 (71.9)

50500 (73.3)

3388 (40.0)

18819 (66.1)

28293 (88.5)

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰4ā€‰h/day

133031 (28.1)

18396 (26.7)

5088 (60.0)

9638 (33.9)

3670 (11.5)

Sleep duration

ā€ƒ7ā€“9ā€‰h/day

349546 (73.9)

50777 (73.7)

3718 (43.9)

18982 (66.7)

28077 (87.8)

ā€ƒ<7 or >9ā€‰h/day

123431 (26.1)

18119 (26.3)

4758 (56.1)

9475 (33.3)

3886 (12.2)

Fruit and vegetable intake

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰400ā€‰g/day

377154 (79.7)

53635 (77.8)

3699 (43.6)

20696 (72.7)

29240 (91.5)

ā€ƒ<ā€‰400ā€‰g/ day

95823 (20.3)

15261 (22.2)

4777 (56.4)

7761 (27.3)

2723 (8.5)

Oily fish intake

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰1 portion/week

265642 (56.2)

35996 (52.2)

1727 (20.4)

11504 (40.4)

22765 (71.2)

ā€ƒ<ā€‰1 portion/week

207335 (43.8)

32900 (47.8)

6749 (79.6)

16953 (59.6)

9198 (28.8)

Red meat intake

ā€ƒā‰¤ā€‰3 portion/week

216206 (45.7)

34003 (49.4)

3375 (39.8)

12650 (44.5)

17978 (56.2)

ā€ƒ>ā€‰3 portion/week

256771 (54.3)

34893 (50.6)

5101 (60.2)

15807 (55.5)

13985 (43.8)

Processed meat intake

ā€ƒā‰¤ā€‰1 portion/week

328721 (69.5)

46295 (67.2)

2536 (29.9)

16352 (57.5)

27407 (85.7)

ā€ƒ>ā€‰1 portion/week

144256 (30.5)

22601 (32.8)

5940 (70.1)

12105 (42.5)

4556 (14.3)

  1. BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), MIPA moderate-intensity physical activity, VIPA vigorous-intensity physical activity.
  2. aAll eligible participants included were those who were alive when the study began (March 1, 2020) in UK Biobank.
  3. bParticipants were classified into three lifestyle categories: favorable (0ā€“4 unhealthy lifestyle factors), intermediate (5ā€“6), and unfavorable (7ā€“10), based on the composite score of 10 modifiable lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical activity, TV watching/sedentary time, sleep duration, intake of fruit and vegetables, oily fish intake, red meat intake, and processed meat intake.
  4. cParticipants with missing values (missing or unknown) in ethnicity were classified as ā€œother ethnic groupsā€: 65682 (13.9%) for all eligible participants and 8128 (11.8%) for participants with COVID-19.
  5. dEducation levels were mapped to the international standard for the classification of education. Category I includes self-reported ā€œNone of the aboveā€ and ā€œPrefer not to answerā€, II includes ā€œCSEs or equivalentā€ and ā€œO levels/GCSEs or equivalentā€, III includes ā€œA levels/AS levels or equivalentā€, IV includes ā€œOther professional qualifications e.g., nursing, teachingā€, and V includes ā€œNVQ or HND or HNC or equivalentā€ and ā€œCollege or University degree.ā€
  6. eA summary measure of crime, education, employment, health, housing, income, and living environment, with a high score indicating higher levels of deprivation.
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