Fig. 3: Experimental and theoretical investigations on the reaction mechanism.

a Operando XANES spectra of Hnp-Cu50Au50 recorded at Cu K-edge (1 M KOH + phenylacetylene). b Cu K-edge FT-EXAFS spectra for Hnp-Cu50Au50 (1 M KOH + phenylacetylene). c Operando XANES spectra of Hnp-Cu50Au50 recorded at Cu K-edge (1 M KOH + styrene). d Cu K-edge FT-EXAFS spectra for Hnp-Cu50Au50 (1 M KOH + styrene). e In situ Raman tests for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of styrene over np-Cu and Hnp-Cu50Au50 at −0.4 V vs. RHE. f Gibbs free energy diagram for alkyne semi-hydrogenation reactions over Cu (111), Au (111), and Cu50Au50.