Fig. 3: The specific affecting factors on the PDC-TING output were explored.
From: Triboiontronics with temporal control of electrical double layer formation
a The ISC of the PDC-TING at different operating frequencies. b, c The positive and negative electrostatic fields were used to adjust the constructed ion concentration gradient. d The influence of hydrophilicity of the bottom Au/PET layer on the constructed ion concentration gradient. e The effect of ion concentrations in the liquid on the constructed ion concentration gradient. f, g, h The ISC density, QSC density, and PR density of the PDC-TING could reach 26.00 A/m2, 412.54 mC/m2, and 8.45 W/m2, respectively. i The PDC-TING output could be restored by the electrochemical recovery. j Through dynamically controlling EDL formation between the liquid and the pure metal, an ion concentration gradient could also be constructed to drive the directional migration of ions in the metal-based PDC-TING. k The electrical signal direction of metal-based PDC-TING was opposite to the PDC-TING based on the metal/dielectric substrate. l Due to the sparse EDL on the pure metal surface, the optimal negative output of the metal-based PDC-TING was weaker than the optimal positive output of the PDC-TING based on the metal/dielectric substrate.
