Fig. 6: Joule heating performance of the MXene/liquid metals composite prepared by solvent-assisted dispersion (MLM-S) on a board.

a Surface temperature change of MLM-S heater with distinct voltages. b Infrared (IR) images of the surface temperature of the MLM-S coating heater with distinct voltages. Scale bar: 5 mm. c The surface temperature of the heater is changed continuously on and off at different voltages. d Temperature stability of MLM-S coating under a driving voltage of 1.5 V standing. e Joule heating melts the surface ice. Scale bar: 10 mm. f IR and digital images of water heating processes. Scale bar: 5 mm. g IR images of a PDMS film coated with MLM-S under Joule heating at 0.85 V in the stretched state, a low voltage was chosen to avoid burning fingers. Scale bar: 5 mm.