Fig. 3: Summary of the putative hydrocarbon biosynthesis pathway in O. sphegodes.

a Schematic representation of the core pathway showing the biosynthesis of a (Z)−9-alkene from fatty acyl precursors, depicting core proteins in blue boxes. b Gene copy numbers in the Ophrys (Osph, blue boxes) and other orchid genomes (green boxes), abbreviated by first letter of the genus and the first two letters of the species (as in Supplementary Table 11). Gene copy numbers were estimated by tallying the orchid members of orthogroups containing functionally annotated hydrocarbon biosynthetic genes. Gene families expanded in Ophrys are shown with a red outline. c Heatmaps of RNA-seq gene expression (green to blue; grey, not expressed) for O. sphegodes gene copies, showing expression for unpollinated mature flower labella of O. sphegodes (SPH) and O. exaltata (EXA). Numbers in red indicate significantly differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05).