Fig. 3: Characterization of MxV2O5·nH2O nanobelts.

A XPS spectra of V 2p and B O 1 s of, V2O5 powder, V2O5 nanobelt, MgVO, CaVO, and SrVO. C Quantitative analysis of the V4+/(V4+ + V5+) ratio and relative content of OV of V2O5 powder, V2O5 nanobelt, MgVO, CaVO, and SrVO. D The analysis of OV of V2O5 powder, V2O5 nanobelt, MgVO, CaVO, and SrVO by ESR spectroscopy. E FTIR spectra (1007 cm−1: symmetric stretching vibration of V = O; 821 cm−1: stretching vibration of V-O-V; 1610 cm−1: vibration of O-H) and (F) Raman spectra of V2O5 powder, V2O5 nanobelt, MgVO, CaVO, and SrVO. (994 cm−1: symmetric stretching vibration of V = O; 700 and 404 cm−1: stretching vibration of V-O; 284 cm−1: vibration of V = O).