Fig. 1: Simplified scheme of the model’s input and output components.

Comparative analysis involving two different sets of input data related to PV production across the European countries: the uniform installation (100% optimal monofacial) and the alternative option (diverse orientation / bifacial). The method incorporates various portfolio compositions, examining scenarios incorporating a spectrum of PV production levels, spanning from 0% to 50% inclusion within these portfolios. Subsequently, the model identifies new equilibriums within the energy markets, revealing the consequential effects on several key aspects. These include alterations in electricity generation portfolios, influences on wholesale pricing dynamics, PV output curtailments tendencies, and induced substitutions in fuel usage and reductions in CO2 emissions.