Fig. 3: Efficient generation of PDI•– via red light-driven triplet sensitization.

UV-vis absorption changes of solutions in the presence of electron donor Et3N: a the mixture of PDI (50 µM) and PdTPBP (10 µM) upon red illumination in Ar; b introducing air into treated (a); c PDI (50 µM) upon red illumination in Ar. For (a–c), the insets are the solution images upon specific treatment. d Fluorescence emission spectra of PdTPBP/PDI in the presence of Et3N under red illumination. e Fluorescence emission spectra of PDI in the presence of Et3N under blue illumination. f The fitting curves of PDI•– generation rate under red (PdTPBP/PDI) or blue illumination (PDI) and the respective slope are given. I0 and I represent the original absorption and the real-time absorption at specific timepoint, respectively. For (a–f), the solvents are all DMF. Red illumination refers to 625 nm LED (20 mW/cm2), while blue illumination refers to 455 nm LED (20 mW/cm2).