Fig. 5: Sensing performance of the 3D printed capacitive sensor with CSN ionogels.

a Instant response of the 3D printed capacitive sensor. b Capacitance response of the sensor under periodic loading pressures of 1, 3, 5, and 10 kPa, respectively. c Working stability of the sensor tested under1000 cycles of 14 kPa pressure. The insets show the first 20 cycles and the last 20 cycles. d Real-time monitoring of human deep breath and swallow, respectively. The inset shows the pressure sensor attached to the throat. e Real-time monitoring of human pulsation. The inset shows the pressure sensor attached to the wrist. f A single pulse wave from the wrist, consisting of three characteristic peaks.