Fig. 2: Synthesis and characterization of LMWH–lipid conjugates. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Synthesis and characterization of LMWH–lipid conjugates.

From: Nano-anticoagulant based on carrier-free low molecular weight heparin and octadecylamine with an albumin shuttling effect

Fig. 2

Reducing sugar end-specific conjugation of LMWH with a hydrophobic alkylamine (a): Various synthesized LMWH–lipid conjugates including LMWH–C6, LMWH–C8, LMWH–C10, LMWH–C12, and LMWH–C18 (LMHO) (b). The anticoagulant (anti-Xa) activity of LMWH-lipid conjugates compared to LMWH (c) and under different albumin (HSA) concentrations of 0.02 or 2% (n = 3 independent samples, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’ test for p value) (d). 1D proton NMR results with octadecylamine peak (pink shading) (e) and 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR results (f) of LMWH with reducing end and LMHO. g Nitrous acid depolymerization for heparin degradation and 1H-NMR data of water-insoluble ODA of LMWH and LMHO. h Mass ratio analysis after nitrous acid depolymerization of LMWH and LMHO (n = 3 independent samples, unpaired t-test for p value). i Non-enzymatic glycosylation of LMHO and NRE–LMWH (non-reducing end LMWH; nadroparin) was compared to LMWH (reducing end LMWH; enoxaparin), which has a terminal reducing sugar moiety, resulting in solution color change upon reaction with Benedict’s reagent. (n = 3 independent samples). j In vitro protamine neutralizing test in buffer at 1:1 or 1:5 ratios. (n = 3 independent samples, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’ test for p value). Data are presented as mean values ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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