Fig. 2: Impervious surface area (ISA) expansion and the associated carbon emissions during 1993–2018 for leading countries and country groups, and their spatial distributions.
From: Substantial terrestrial carbon emissions from global expansion of impervious surface area
a Cumulative emissions (E), the increases in urban population (ΔPu) and in ISA (ΔISA) are shown for Annex I (AI) and Non-Annex I (NAI) country groups, as well as for the 15 countries with the largest emissions. EU27 is the 27 countries of the European Union, which were treated as the single unit. b The percentage contributions of each country or country group to the global total value. c Spatial distribution of the cumulative ISA expansion, shown at a nominal 5-km resolution. d Spatial distribution of the associated carbon emissions with the upper boundary, shown at a nominal 5-km resolution. e Same as panel (d) but with the lower boundary. Panels (d) and (e) share the same legend.
