Fig. 3: Carbon losses due to impervious surface area (ISA) expansion estimated by this study and from land conversion to settlements as reported in national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) for Annex I countries.
From: Substantial terrestrial carbon emissions from global expansion of impervious surface area
a Biomass carbon emissions (including living biomass, surface litter and dead wood). b soil organic carbon (SOC) emissions. c Total carbon emissions including biomass and SOC. Solid blue line and dashed green line represent the mean carbon losses estimated from four ISA products by adopting the upper and lower SOC loss ratios in this study, respectively. Red solid line represents the carbon losses reported in NGHGIs for Annex I countries. Shaded regions around the solid blue and dashed green lines show the range of the estimates from the four ISA products.
