Fig. 2: AC electric field de-poling for DC poled PIN-PMN-PT single crystals.

a Schematic illustrations of experimental procedures for PIN-PMN-PT single crystals that were first poled by DC electric fields and then depoled by AC electric fields. b Dielectric constants, (c) piezoelectric coefficients, and (d) impedance spectrum of the PIN-PMN-PT single crystals after applying AC electric fields for de-poling. Error bars indicate the sample standard deviation of n = 3 measurements carried out on independent samples. The peak amplitudes, cycles, and frequencies of the AC electric fields were controlled to investigate how poled states are destabilized in response to external electric fields. Similar to the DC electric field for de-poling (Fig. S3), initial poled states are influential in conditions for de-poling.