Fig. 4: Microstructural and advanced electrochemical analysis.

Raman spectra of a NSLC and b O/D NSLC-800. High-resolution N 1s spectra of c NSLC and d O/D NSLC-800. e EPR spectra. f Electrical conductivity vs. pressure measured by a four-point probe (inset: scheme of a four-point probe setup). g Chronoamperometry property at an overpotential of 50 mV (inset: scheme of ion adsorbed on electrode surface). h Activation energy of the charge transfer process. i Nyquist plots (inset: fitted equivalent circuit diagram). j N2 physisorption isotherms at 77 K (inset: pore size distribution). k RRDE voltammogram for the disk electrode coated with O/D NSLC-800 in a 1000 mg L−1 NaCl solution at 5 mV s−1 and 1600 rpm rotation rate. The inset: corresponding mean electrons transferred. l Schematic illustration of ion-capture mechanism.