Table 1 Characteristics of study participants in cross-sectional pneumococcal carriage surveys, performed pre-PCV13 (2015) & six years post-PCV13 introduction (2022), in healthy children in Mongolia, by age group & year

From: Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine six years post-introduction on pneumococcal carriage in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

5–8 week old infants

Pre-PCV13# (N = 461a)

Post-PCV13 (N = 500a)

p-value*

Age in weeks (IQR)b

6.4 (5.3–7.7)

6.1 (5.4–7.3)

0.03

Male sex, n (%)

239 (52)

259 (52)

0.99

Parent primary caregiver, n (%)

457 (99)

497 (99)

0.63

≥2 children <5 years in household, n (%)

177 (38)

176 (35)

0.3

Crowding, n (%)c

172 (37)

297 (59)

<0.001

Smoky fuel use, n (%)d

272 (59)

252 (50)

0.007

Living in informal housing (ger), n (%)

153 (33)

151 (30)

0.32

At or below minimum income, n (%)

148/435 (34)

181/481 (38)

0.26

Mother completed university, n (%)

275/455 (60)

296 (59)

0.7

Household member smokes, n (%)

231/456 (51)

205 (41)

0.003

Breastfeeding at time of survey, n (%)

439 (95)

483 (97)

0.28

Born by caesarean section, n (%)

141/457 (31)

122/499 (24)

0.03

Child attends daycare, n (%)

3 (1)

1 ( < 1)

0.28

Household member treated for tuberculosis, n (%)

15 (3)

3 ( < 1)

0.002

Previous pneumonia admission

No previous pneumonia admission, n (%)

450/457 (98)

496 (99)

0.29

Had recent pneumonia admission, n (%)e

7/457 (2)

4 (1)

 

Previous other admission

No previous other admission, n (%)

443/459 (97)

486 (97)

0.54

Had recent other admission, n (%)e

16/459 (3)

14 (3)

 

Any previous admission

No previous admission, n (%)

437/459 (95)

482 (96)

0.36

Had previous admission, n (%)

22/459 (5)

18 (4)

 

12–23 month old children

Pre-PCV13 (N = 489a)

Post-PCV13 (N = 500a)

p-value*

Median age in months (IQR)b

16.4 (14.1–20.7)

16.2 (14.1–20.4)

0.67

Male sex, n (%)

232 (47)

241 (48)

0.81

Parent primary caregiver, n (%)

410 (84)

442 (88)

0.04

≥2 children <5 years in household, n (%)

156 (32)

160 (32)

0.97

Crowding, n (%)c

206 (42)

294 (59)

<0.001

Smoky fuel use, n (%)d

301 (62)

260 (52)

0.002

Living in informal housing (ger), n (%)

189 (39)

143 (29)

<0.001

At or below minimum income, n (%)

188/465 (40)

185/489 (38)

0.41

Mother completed university, n (%)

304/487 (62)

307 (61)

0.74

Household member smokes, n (%)

259 (53)

226 (45)

0.02

Breastfeeding at time of survey, n (%)

329 (67)

297 (59)

0.01

Born by caesarean section, n (%)

142/488 (29)

132 (26)

0.34

Child attends daycare, n (%)

29 (6)

14 (3)

0.02

Household member treated for tuberculosis, n (%)

19 (4)

10 (2)

0.08

Previous pneumonia admission

No previous pneumonia admission, n (%)

365/485 (75)

434 (87)

<0.001

Had recent pneumonia admission, n (%)e

33/485 (7)

47 (9)

 

Had non-recent pneumonia admission, n (%)

87/485 (18)

19 (4)

 

Previous other admission

No previous other admission, n (%)

428/484 (88)

424 (85)

0.25

Had recent other admission, n (%)e

22/484 (5)

30 (6)

 

Had non-recent other admission, n (%)

34/484 (7)

46 (9)

 

Any previous admission

No previous admission, n (%)

310 (63)

366 (73)

<0.001

Previous admission, n (%)

179 (37)

134 (27)

 

Vaccinated with any number of PCV13 dosesf

Received 1 dose, n (%)

0 (0)

4/493 (1)

 

Received 2 doses, n (%)

0 (0)

20/493 (4)

 

Received 3 doses, n (%)

0 (0)

469/493 (95)

 
  1. #Pre-PCV13 data previously published17. aTotal unless otherwise indicated. bIQR Interquartile range. cThree or more people per room. d Coal, briquettes or wood used as primary fuel for cooking. eConsidered recent hospital admission if within same year as survey. f Infants were ineligible if they had received PCV13.
  2. *Two-sided p-value determined using Chi-squared test for categorical data and Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous data.
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